Is this topic for you?
This topic has general
information about
type 1 diabetes for people who do not have the
disease. If you want to learn how to manage type 1 diabetes, one of the
following topics may meet your needs:
-
Type 1 Diabetes: Recently Diagnosed, if you have been
told recently that you or your child has type 1 diabetes.
-
Type 1 Diabetes: Living With the Disease, if you or
your child age 12 or older has type 1 diabetes. If you have not read the topic
Type 1 Diabetes: Recently Diagnosed, you may want to read it
first.
-
Type 1 Diabetes: Children Living With the Disease, if
your child age 11 or younger has type 1 diabetes. If you have not read the
topic Type 1 Diabetes: Recently Diagnosed, you may want to read it
first.
-
Type 1 Diabetes: Living With Complications, if you have complications, such
as eye, kidney, heart, nerve, or blood vessel disease caused by
diabetes.
If you are looking for information about
type 2 diabetes, see the topic
Type 2 Diabetes.
What is type 1 diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes is a
disease that starts when the
pancreas
stops making
insulin.
Insulin lets blood sugar-also called
glucose-enter the body's cells to be used for energy. Without
insulin, the
cells can't get the sugar they need, and too much sugar builds up in the
blood.
Diabetes can cause sudden or long-term problems. If the
body doesn't have enough
insulin and the blood sugar gets very high, a sudden
and very serious problem called
diabetic ketoacidosis can happen. This can be deadly.
Over time, high blood sugar can damage the eyes, heart, blood vessels, nerves,
and kidneys.
Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but it usually
starts in children or young adults. That's why it used to be called juvenile
diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is different from type 2 diabetes, which
is the most common form of the illness. In type 1, the body stops making
insulin. In type 2, the body does not make enough insulin, or the body can't
use
insulin the right way. All people with type 1 diabetes need to take
insulin. Some people with type 2 diabetes also need
insulin, but most people
can use diet, exercise, and medicine in pills to treat that illness.
There isn't a cure for type 1 diabetes. But with treatment, people can
live long and healthy lives.
What causes type 1 diabetes?
The body makes
insulin in beta cells, which are in a part of the pancreas called the islet
(say "EYE-let") tissue. Type 1 diabetes starts because the body destroys the
beta cells. Experts don't know why this happens.
Some people have
a greater chance of getting type 1 diabetes, because they have a parent,
brother, or sister who has it. But most people with the illness don't have a
family history of it.
Other things that increase the risk of
getting type 1 diabetes are being white and having
islet cell antibodies in the blood.
What are the symptoms?
Symptoms of diabetes are:
- Being very thirsty.
- Urinating a
lot.
- Losing weight without trying.
- Being hungrier than
usual (sometimes).
- Blurry eyesight.
These symptoms usually appear over a few days to weeks.
Sometimes people notice symptoms after an illness, such as the flu. They may
think that the diabetes symptoms are because of the flu, so they don't seek
medical care soon enough.
If a person waits too long to get
medical care, he or she may get symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis. Symptoms of
this problem include:
- Flushed, hot, dry skin.
- Not
feeling hungry.
- Belly pain.
- Vomiting.
- A
strong, fruity breath odor.
- Fast and shallow
breathing.
- Restlessness, drowsiness, or trouble waking
up.
- Confusion.
How is type 1 diabetes diagnosed?
A doctor asks
questions about the person's health and does a physical exam. A blood test
measures the person's glucose.
Some people are diagnosed with type
1 diabetes because they have symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis.
How is it treated?
Treatment for type 1 diabetes
focuses on keeping blood sugar levels within a target range.
A person with type 1 diabetes needs to:
- Take insulin through daily shots or an
insulin pump.
- Eat a healthy diet that spreads
carbohydrate throughout the day.
- Check
blood sugar levels several times a day.
- Get regular
exercise.
When a small child has diabetes, the parents have the
responsibility for blood sugar control. As the child grows, he or she can take
over more of the diabetes care.
Treatment may change based on the
results of daily home blood sugar tests and other tests or exams.
Can type 1 diabetes be prevented?
There is no way
to prevent type 1 diabetes. But studies are being done to find ways to prevent
or delay diabetes in people who are most likely to get it.
Tight
control of blood sugar and
blood pressure can help people with type 1 diabetes
prevent or delay problems with their eyes, kidneys, heart, blood vessels, and
nerves.